Stack Sequential Algorithm to Analyse Adverse Drug Reaction

Stack Sequential Algorithm to Analyse Adverse Drug Reaction Amiya Kumar Tripathy, Nilakshi Joshi, Aslesha More, Divyadev Pillai, Amruni Waingankar Abstract— An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is ‘a response to a medicine which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in human beings’. During the last decades it has been estimated that such adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the 4th to 6th largest cause for mortality in different countries. They result in the death of several thousands of patients each year, and many more suffer from ADRs. The percentage of hospital admissions due to adverse drug reactions in some countries is about or more than 10%. In addition suitable services to treat ADRs impose a high financial burden on health care due to the hospital care of patients with drug related problems. Some countries spend up to 15-20% of their hospital budget dealing with drug complications. The existing scenario is manual, costly, not easily portable and the findings are not reported to the responsible authorities in timely manner. To overcome these flaws of the existing system, we propose a automated ADR detecting  system. This is an interactive system platform for detecting ADR from the specified combination of drugs. If ADR is detected , the system will suggest some appropriate combination of drugs which will solve the specified purpose. The detection part of ADR is done by using algorithms like Chi-Square, PRR (Proportionality Result Ratio), Combinational.(Which are already implemented). The solution part i.e, suggesting appropriate drug combination is implemented by Sequential decoding algorithms and the stack sequential algorithm. Keywords—Adverse Drug Reaction, Adverse Drug Event, Bayesian Confidence Propagation Neural Network, Information Component, Frequent Pattern, Online Analytical Processing Database , Operating System, Random Access Memory, Medicines and Healthcare pro ducts Regulatory Agency, World Health Organization. I. INTRODUCTION An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an injury caused by taking medication.[1] ADRs may occur due to a single dose or long term administration of a drug or result from the combination of two or more drugs ,as this last expression might also imply that the effects can be beneficial.†ADE can be mainly caused from medication errors. A serious adverse event is any event that: Is fatal Is life-threatening Is permanently/significantly disabling Requires or longterm hospitalization Causes birth defects Requires intervention to prevent permanent impairment or damage II. RELATED WORK Study of design elements include exploration of relevant multiple outcomes (utilization and/or safety), sample size calculations, cohort accrual procedures, and the timing and method of data collection. The custom questionnaires can include those related risks potentially possible and identified, also missing information in RMPs or can be designed to address specific regulatory issues. Single data capture or multiple data capture phases enable abstraction of clinical information from medical chart review by prescribers responsible for treatment initiation in primary care, over a time frame relevant to study needs analysis plans can be tailored to address novel analytical issues and also convey thoughtful, appropriate, and comprehensive analysis of the data. Study reports have been prepared with scientific rigor to provide brief or in depth presentation of results relevant to the products safety and efficiency [4]. Before a medicine is granted a license it has to go through the strict tests and routine checks to ensure that it is acceptably safe and effective. All the medicines which are effective, can cause adverse drug reactions which in general term we say a side effect, which can range from a very minor occurrence to being very serious. For a medicine to be authorized licensed, the benefits of the medicine must satisfy all the possible conditions of the medicine causing adverse effects in patients. Many a times, it is not easy to identify if the side effect is due to a medicine, or something else. Even if it is only a suspicion that a medicine or combination of medicines has caused a side effect, the patients or doctors are asked to send the proper reports of the symptoms and drugs prescribed, to FDA. Reports received on suspected side effects are evaluated, with the information like clinical trial data, medical literature or data from international medicines regulators, for identifying previously unidentified safety issues or side effects[5]. In statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is a population parameter estimation and it indicates the reliability of an estimate. It is calculated from the observations, in principle differs from sample to sample. The frequently observed interval contains the parameter and is determined by the confidence level or confidence coefficient. Confidence intervals contains a range of values (interval) that act as best estimates of the unknown population parameter. However, in infrequent cases, none of these values may cover the value of the parameter. The level of confidence of the confidence interval would indicate the probability that the confidence range captures this true population parameter given a distribution of samples. The confidence interval contains the parameter values that, when tested, should not be rejected with the same sample. Greater levels of variance yield larger confidence intervals, and hence less precise estimates of the parameter. Confidence intervals of difference parameters not containing 0 imply that there is a statistically significant difference between the populations. III.SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE The database comprises of a combination of drugs-symptoms and the adverse drug reactions associated with them in particular. The database is a heterogeneous aggregation of the demographic, combination, drug, symptoms and reactions of ADRs. It previously consists of Information related to the drug description and attributes of the patient as well. After evaluating the patient info which involves the symptoms and the medicines the doctor has prescribed to that patient the working system would provide a safe case to the end user. These cases are consistent and can be further used by the Doctor/Pharmacist to prescribe the combinations. These safe cases would be ago ahead for the doctor about his prescription to that particular patient. These are tested cases and determine the validity of that doctor’s prescription. The probability of occurrence of an ADR and its detection for a new patient is our main goal. The input after being assessed derives a result of an ADR case. The occurrence of ADR means that the Doctor has to modify his combination of Drugs accordingly and convert an ADR case to a safe case. This should result in the doctor making changes that prove to be safe to the patient according to our system. The input given by the Doctor detecting an ADR case is then matched with the database in the available system. The Database already comprises of ADR cases found out, so when a current patient whose symptoms and the prescribed medicine by the doctor matches it leads to a ADR detection. Figure 1: System Architecture The doctor will give input to the system including the patients symptoms and the medicines prescribed by the doctor to that current patient .These information are the important factors for the detection of the ADR through the system. IV.SYSTEM FLOW Figure 2: System flow The System flow involves extracting the Database which includes the ADR cases and the safe cases. These cases are stored in the database and comprises of the drug-symptom combination. When a Doctor provides input to the system with the Symptoms and drugs, the system evaluates the validity using the PRR algorithm and provides a value which is then matched with the current records in the database of ADRs. In occurrences of safe case the doctor continues with his combination of medicines prescribed, but in the event of an ADR that is occurred the doctor realizes that a medical negligence could occur. To prevent such an occurrence he modifies his drug combination for the safety of the patient. V. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP For making experimental setup we have developed the structured database in XAMPP with MySQL and we have made front end in HTML for executing various queries. The database which we are using is the official database released by food and Drug Administration (FDA)[2]. The database is updated after every three months. Database consist complete information about Demographic data of patients, drug, indications, reactions, therapy ETC. data of 5000 patients was considered as test cases. The database which we have contains following: Drug information; Reaction information; Patient outcome information; Information on the source; Figure 3: database Screenshot This table shown below gives complete statistics about the test cases of adverse drug reaction received in various years. The test cases are reported by various hospitals, doctors, pharmacist, clinical researches, and drug manufacturers. This table shows the number of reports received by Food and Drug Association and entered into FDA Adverse Event Reporting System by type of report since the year 2003 until the end of the second quarter of 2012. Table 1: database statistics Table 1 provides information regarding the data that is present in the database[2]. Each year shows a number of new cases that were registered with the US FDA. Expedited Cases involve those which were reported as soon as it was detected. Direct Cases involve those which were reported by individuals/ independent medical practitioners. Non-expedited cases are those cases which were reported much after occurrence. The number of cases that were received by US FDA were much higher than those that were entered. Details regarding registered cases is available until the second quarter of the year 2012 only. VI. METHODS AND ALGORITHMS Proportionality Reporting Ratio (PRR) The PRR algorithm is a statistical method which is used to detect ADRs in Electronic health records and databases .The working of this algorithm relies on the fact that when an ADR (related to a particular event) is identified for a medicinal product (say medicinal product P), this adverse event is relatively reported more often in association with this product P than with any other products in the database. This gradual increase in the reporting of events for the medicinal product P in consideration is reflected in the table below based on the total number of cases stored in the database. Table 2: Contingency matrix for PRR In the table mentioned the elements calculated are the individual available cases in the available database .Therefore a given individual case may contribute to only a single cell of the table, where the cases refer to the multiple products or the adverse events[7] PRR= A/(A+B) C/(C+D) The general criteria to run the PRR are as follows: Value A is the number of cases with the defective medicinal product P involving an adverse event R. Value B is the number of cases related to the defective medicinal product P, involving any other adverse events but R. Value C is the number of cases involving event R in relation to any other medicinal products but P. Value D is the number of cases involving any other adverse events but R and any other medicinal products but P The system performs the calculations of the PRR on all the case counts instead of the ADRs to be chosen to keep the individuality between the variables used to calculate PRR so that the difference of the PRR will not be underestimated. The calculation of the PRR is done as follows: For evaluating given cases of nausea involving medicinal product ‘allopurinol l’ = 15% (e.g. 15 reports of diarrhea amongst a total of 100 reports reported with medicinal product ‘allopurino l’). For evaluating a given number of reports of nausea with other medicinal products in a database = 5%. Thus, the Proportionality Reporting Ratio is equal to 3 . The chi-square (χ2) statistics The Chi-square is a statistic, which is traditionally used in dis proportionality analyses. The Chi-square is used as an alternative measure of association between the medicinal product P and the adverse event R based on the following calculation:[8] X2= (AD-BC)2(A+B+C+D)/[(A+B)(C+D)(A+C)(B+D)] When the PRR is displayed with the X2 statistic : The PRR ≠¥ 2 The X2 ≠¥ 4 The number of indivisual cases greater or equal to 3. Stack Sequential We introduce the drug combination optimization algorithms and show how they relate to the algorithms used in sequential decoding. Fully factorial datasets, where every possible drug combination is tested, grow exponentially with the number of drugs (n). See Text S1 for the relevant equation and an example dataset. In computational terms we say that the complexity is O(an). The O-notation indicates the order of growth of an algorithm basic operation count as a function of the input size. An exponential growth is not practical for large n, therefore our aim is to find algorithms with improved efficiency, for example with a linear dependency on n, expressed as O(n). The problem of finding the optimal estimate of the encoded sequence is described as a walk through a tree. To appreciate the analogy with the search for the optimal drug combination, the tree shown in Figure 4 can be compared with the trees used in one of the original descriptions of the stack sequential algorithm [14]. An alternative version of the tree, the ‘‘trellis’’ depiction shown in Figure 5, eliminates nodes representing redundant drug-dose combinations. The stack is a sorted list of all examined combinations (best on top). Notations : A1= BACITRACIN A2= KADCYLA B1= ERYTHROMYCIN B2= RAMIPRIL S1 – the process initially contains only the list of the measurements in the absence of any drug (the root of the tree of Figure 4). Figure.4 Tree representation of the data S2 The parsing begins from the top of the sorted list. After the search completes it moves one level up in the braches of figure 4. Combinations already used are ignored for future extensions. S3 – Once the combination reaches its maximum size , the parsing ends. This is similar to reaching the top of the tree of Figure 4. Since we consider the best combination, instead of best path, we do not delete any combination from the processed list. When we find a combination been already used, we move to the next combination in the sorted list. We do not combine different doses of the same drug with each other, to limit the size of the search, but this is not an essential feature as shown in Figure 2,. The algorithm is efficient in searching combinations in which the outcome is not purely additive, because it overcomes non-linearities by backtracking to nodes in the tree. Figure.5 Trellis-like representation showing combination of the data. S1 Examine all drugs based on strength, doses and rank. S2 The best drug combination is saved from the processed list. S3 Select the best single drug and call it Cbest. S4 Take the Combination of Cbest with all other drugs, increasing the drug size by 1, measure the biological scores, and store the list of drugs of this size. At this step the algorithm moves one level upwards in the tree of Figure 4. S5 If the new combinations scores better than Cbest, this combination is used as the new Cbest and return to previous step. If no new combination scores better than Cbest, backtrack to the next best combination in the previous size, mark it as Cbest and return to the previous step. S6 Backtrack value should be limited to a specific value. S7 Repeat S4 to S6 till we find that the maximum size for the combinations is reached. VII. CONCLUSION In this system, by using PRR in association with Chi-Square, an attempt has been made to help and assist the doctors/pharmacists to perform safe drug evaluation. An experimental study using test cases and combinations from a doctor was performed and the results obtained were very promising. The system proposes a unique method for correcting the prescribed combination of drugs in case of an ADR event occurrence using Stack Sequential. The possibility of vast Patient Record data available allows for extracting the results available to the system. The approach used in this paper can be to provide an impetus and improve existing systems that provide detect Adverse Drug Reactions. In the field of Pharmaceutical and medical diagnosis, there is always the scope for uncertainty. This system has been built to provide a naà ¯ve and safe understanding of the drug combinations on the experience of doctors only, so there will always be a scope for ambiguous or uncertain diagnosis. The developed system does not give a 100% accurate results as not even the doctors can claim to do so; however, its results are promising. It can be used as a tool to complement the doctors’ knowledge and could assist them to reach a conclusion. The system will give the doctor an upper hand to decide whether to use the results evaluated from the algorithm and prevent an ADR. By using this system, many essential results can be obtained, thus reducing the effects of wrong prescriptions to some extent. With the support of various medicinal and pharmaceutical practitioners and hospitals, higher probability of getting the positive results right can be obtained. With an extensive database of medical records to mine from, this could be useful to build helpful medical assistance software that can be of great use to all doctors and pharmacists using this system. The system will also help the medical fraternity in the future by helping them in providing safer medical assistance to the patients and doctors. VIII. REFERENCES [1] Search Algorithms as a Framework for the Optimization of Drug Combinations Diego Calzolari1., Stefania Bruschi1., Laurence Coquin1, Jennifer Schofield1, Jacob D. Feala2, John C. Reed1, Andrew D. McCulloch2, Giovanni Paternostro1,2* 1 Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America, 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America. [2] Safety of Medicines A guide to detecting and reporting adverse drug reactions. [3] Statistical methods for knowledge discovery in adverse drug reaction surveillance G. Niklas Norà ©n. [4] Adverse drug reactions: definitions, diagnosis, and management I Ralph Edwards, Jeffrey K Aronson [5] MANUAL OF OPERATIONS ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS ONLINE REPORTING SYSTEM (ADORS) [6] An Information Technology Architecture for Drug Effectiveness Reporting and Post-Marketing Surveillance -Surendra Sarnikar , Amar Gupta, Ray Woosley(2006). [7] A multi-agent intelligent system for detecting unknown adverse drug reactions through communication and collaboration -Ayman Mohammad Mansour Wayne State University(2012) [8] ADRTrace: Detecting Expected and Unexpected Adverse Drug Reactions from User Reviews on Social Media Sites Andrew Yates, Nazli Goharian [9] Detect adverse drug reactions for the drug Pravastatin. Yihui Liul ‘Institute of Intelligent Information Processing,’ Shandong Polytechnic University, China(2012)

Del Rio Foods Analysis Essay -- Business Analysis

Del Rio was established in 1933, and it is located in California. Its owners are Bob and Maria. Del Rio is an agricultural business where processed canned products and fresh produce are sold. Both owners have the same agricultural background which is why they are doing this business. They are running Del Rio successfully. When the world was going through a great depression, many businesses had tough time to survive. However, Del Rio Foods, Inc. was in stable condition even though they did not make a lot of money. From 1987 to 1990, their Income Statement shows that they had a steady increase in their net income each year. The CEO’s objective is to expand his business as far as into east coast. Del Rio acquired a couple of farms and built them as its main facility and a distributor. Joint venture was formed with few wholesalers and retail stores. Additionally, Cape Fear and Wilmington plants were bought to increase productivity. The mission statement, SWOT analysis, and action plan are discussed further. The vision of the CEO is to go as far as into east coast. Bob is planning to buy additional farm lands to grow more fresh produce to increase the sales. This will welcome new customers, suppliers, retailers, and wholesalers. Also, there will be more job openings to public. People will find positions in various departments or whatever post they are capable of doing it. More people there are to work, faster the jobs get done. Of course, Del Rio will get more business from its customers, retailers, and wholesalers when they see that this company is the only one that gets the job done quickly. Bob also wants to remodel, repair, and keep his plants neat and clean. After making some improvements, it will build comp... ...epartments where needed. His strategy and vision for the company will determine where everyone will focus their efforts. The CEO needs to create a corporate culture. His culture will determine what people should be doing and what should do not be trying. He can decide who will stay, who will leave, and how the job will get done. Culture starts with the boss. He can decide how he wants people to act and start modeling the behavior publicly. STOPPED HERE†¦!!!:)ïÆ'Ÿ Capital allocation. Every dollar you raise and spend should produce more than $1 of return for the company, or it’s a waste of money. Learn how to make these judgements. Hiring and Firing. The job of executives is primarily team and culture building. Hiring and firing are must-have skills. Read, take classes, and review past hiring successes and mistakes. Do whatever you can to hone your abilities.

Independence air was a low cost air line

Independence air was a low cost air line that was owned by FLYi, Inc who had their headquarters in Virginia. Independence air operated from the year 1989 and it’s stopped its operations in 2006. Independence air mainly focused on the East Coast and the West coast.The route network of independence air was based in Washington Dulles international airport. Unfortunately the company ceased its operation on January 5th 2006 at 8:24 p.m.The company (independence air) had been in Chapter 11 bankruptcy from 7th 2005 there were some discussion that was taking place, which people thought would have saved Independence air but that did not happen.Explanation of Independence Air business planAtlantic Coast Airlines is the predecessor of Independence air line. The independence air line company started has Atlantic Coast Airlines in 15th December 1989. It (Atlantic Coast Airline) was operating a feeder services as United Express for Delta Connection and United Air lines.United with drew from contract after disagreement with Atlantic Coast. This forced Atlantic company to reinvent itself to a low cost independence air. The main objective of independence airline was to come with an air carrier with bargain base, off beat and a friendly service (Sharkey 2006)The 4 Ps for the independence airliner is: For their Promotion – independence airliner carried out intensive promotion even before it was launched. On 20th May 2004, before they inaugurated their first flight, they signed a three year deal with Washington Redskins; the company was to become the official sponsor of Washington Redskins.This was a marketing strategy for independence. In the summer of the year 2005 independence air line offered College students a Glide Summer travel pass.After paying two hundred and fifty US dollars Customers were to fly free (after paying airport fees and taxes) from May 1st to August 31st on Saturdays, Wednesdays and Tuesday. This was not geared towards getting any revenue, it wa s purely meant to have customers fill in the empty seats.The company also invested on a fleet of twenty promotional vehicles, which they dubbed â€Å"Jet trucks†. They modified pick ups trucks and painted them in airline’s livery and on the trucks bed they attached an aircraft tail.The company also had some humorous touches which it added to flying experience like the company replaced the flight attendant safety announcement   with a version of celebrities such   Mary Matalin and James Carville which had earlier on been pre recorded.On their Pricing, the company opted for a lower price as compared to their competitors, this was mainly meant to attract customers. They finally succeeded in attracting more customers, such that at their peak they were operating 600 flights on a daily basis.Their pricing strategy was one of the factors that some scholars argued that failed, because whenever the price of fuel roused, they didn’t adjust their prices. When it comes to Place, Independence air mainly focused on the East Coast and the West coast. The route network of independence air was based in Washington Dulles international airport.The company had many diverse Products in terms of the type of airplane that they were operating. Independence airline operated the following airplanes CRJ200, Bombardier, British aerospace jet stream 4100 turbo prop and several air buses.   (Williamson 2006 pp 19 -26).Independence air line had many strengths and weaknesses.   Some of its weakness was: the company was faced with a lot of competition from its competitors who were charging a higher price for their ticket as compared to Independence airline examples of some of their competitors were United air line. The second weakness is that the company failed to undertake a more intensive promotion; this made them to loose some of their customers to united airline.Lastly some critics also point out that the management of independent airline was also not effectiv e. Some of its strength were the   company had a lot of capital that they invested,   the company had a sales and marketing team that was creative lastly lowering the prices of their services was also a strength to them because it made them to attract more customers.While carrying out their Environmental and market assessment the company carried extensive studies on some of the companies that they thought will be their competitors.These gave them an idea on how the market is and how they were going to enter into the market. Independence air line believed that it could easily prosper on its own because of the strategy that they were going to use to enter the market. They were confident that by reducing the prices of their services they will be able to attract more customers (French 2004)

Tips for Reporters Covering Accidents and Natural Disasters

Accidents and disasters – everything from plane and train crashes to earthquakes, tornadoes and tsunamis – are some of the hardest stories to cover. Reporters at the scene must gather information under very difficult circumstances, and produce stories on very tight deadlines. Covering such an event requires all of a reporter’s training and experience. But if you keep in mind the lessons youve learned and the skills youve acquired, covering an accident or a disaster can be a chance to really test yourself as a reporter, and to do some of your best work. So here are 10 tips to keep in mind. 1. Keep Your Cool Disasters are stressful situations. After all, a disaster means something horrible has happened on a very large scale. Many of the people at the scene, especially victims, will be distraught. It’s the reporter’s job in such a situation to keep a cool, clear head. 2. Learn Fast Reporters covering disasters often have to take in a lot of new information very quickly. For instance, you may not know much about planes, but if you’re suddenly called upon to help cover a plane crash, you’re going to have to learn as much as you can – fast. 3. Take Detailed Notes Take detailed notes about everything you learn, including things that seem insignificant. You never know when small details might become critical to your story. 4. Get Plenty of Description Readers will want to know what the scene of the disaster looked like, sounded like, smelled like. Get the sights, sounds and smells in your notes. Think of yourself as a camera, recording every visual detail you can. 5. Find the Officials in Charge In the aftermath of a disaster, there will usually be dozens of emergency responders on the scene – firefighters, police, EMTs, and so on. Find the person who’s in charge of the emergency response. That official will have a big-picture overview of what’s happening and will be a valuable source. 6. Get Eyewitness Accounts Information from emergency authorities is great, but you need to also get quotes from people who saw what happened. Eyewitness accounts are invaluable for a disaster story. 7. Interview Survivors – If Possible It’s not always possible to interview survivors of a disaster immediately after the event. Often they’re being treated by EMTs or being debriefed by investigators. But if survivors are available, try your best to interview them. But remember, disaster survivors have just survived a traumatic event. Be tactful and sensitive with your questions and general approach. And if they say they don’t want to talk, respect their wishes. 8. Find the Heroes In nearly every disaster there are heroes who emerge - people who bravely and selflessly jeopardize their own safety in order to help others. Interview them. 9. Get the Numbers Disaster stories are often about numbers - how many people were killed or injured, how much property was destroyed, how fast the plane was traveling, etc. Remember to gather these for your story, but only from reliable sources - the officials in charge at the scene. 10. Remember the Five W’s and the H As you do your reporting, remember what’s critical to any news story – the who, what, where, when, why and how. Keeping those elements in mind will help to ensure that you gather all the information you need for your story.

How Ethical Issues Affect The Dispensation Of Care Within...

Ethical issues continue to affect the dispensation of care in the multicultural counseling context. Counselors are increasingly dealing with issues of clients from diverse backgrounds. Therefore, they have to come up with appropriate strategies and intervention that are sensitive to the different individual attributes such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, age, socioeconomic status and nationality. Some of the ethical issues that arise in a multicultural setting include the need for protecting the privacy or confidentiality of clients, applying culturally competent counseling practices, obtaining informed consent from the client before commencing with the interventions, striving to avoid harm to patients and their families as well as maintaining boundaries in the professional counseling relationship. There is also a need for initiating vibrant training programs to ensure that counselors understand the ethical issues inherent in the multicultural c ounseling context. Such training can aid in the provision of culturally competent services that are consistent with the guidelines of professional bodies such as the American Counseling Association (ACA). By providing culturally sensitive services, counselors can be in a better position to dispense appropriate, safe and patient-centered care that translates to improved treatment outcomes. This paper will look at the ethical issues that counselors face when providing services in a multiculturalShow MoreRelatedSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 Pages.............. Care of the Sick and the Poor ............................................. Care and Maintenance of Church Property ....................... Deaconess ...................................................................................... Duties of Deaconesses ............................................................. Assistance at Baptisms ........................................................ Arrangements for the Communion Service ......................... Care of the Sick and

The Effects Of Sleep On Children And Adults - 1839 Words

Felicity Mensah-Bonsu Health Psychology February 28th, 2016 Since the semester started sleep has been something that has alluded me several times. I can’t remember the last time I had a full 7 or 8 hour sleep. My sleep pattern now seems to consist of barely any naps and close to 4 or 5 hours of sleep. For this project i want to look at how i can improve my sleep patterns so that i’m getting more than 4 to 5 hours of sleep a day and if it’ll improve my work ethic as well as my health. Sleep is a concept that many students and adults hold dearly. There is nothing better than a good nap or a full hour or so of sleep, however, how much sleep we are expected to have daily is sometimes unknown and we may not be getting the recommended hours†¦show more content†¦Another set of researchers have come to the conclusion that a big part of college students sleep patterns has to do with their sleep variability. Sleep variability can affect a person’s cognitive performance. One of the ways you can define this is that sleep variability is the â€Å" irregular sleep durations across several days† (Whiting Murdock, 2016). Sleep variability can also be defined â€Å"in terms of bedtime and wake time shifts across school and non-school nights† (Whiting Murdock, 2016). No matter how you look at it sleep variability is focusing on a person’s sleep patterns. In terms of college students like myself this would be the inadequate amount of sleep th at I am receiving that can affect my â€Å"psychological functioning, mood, as well as cognitive and academic performance that has to do with attentional functioning† (Whiting Murdock, 2016). As I was looking into interventions and monitoring plans for my study that i would be conducting i came across a few that I thought would be interesting to try out. One intervention focused around sleep disturbances in adolescents. 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Research Proposal The Impact Of Outsourcing Strategies Performances

Question: Discuss about the Recognize The Impact Of Outsourcing Strategies Performances Of The Business Organizations. Answer: Introduction The globalization and advent of the latest technologies in the business world have brought revolution in the perspective of global business. In the changed scenarios, the business organization is facing stringent competition (Tallman, 2008). Moreover, in order to survive in this cut-throat competition, the business organization are compelled to develop and implement efficient strategies that support the business organizations in gaining additional advantages from the market. The strategies provide competitive advantages to the organizations by improving the quality and efficiency of the organization as well as increasing productivity and profitability of the organization (Alan RUSHTON, 2007). In order to improve the cost efficiency of the organization as well as improving the profitability of the organization, many organizations apply the strategies for outsourcing. Hence, outsourcing is common in present business scenarios; the business organization outsources human resources, trans its, as well as equipment in order to improve the cost efficiency of the business organization. It helps in improving the effectiveness of the business organization by reducing the cost of some part of the HR functions (Brown, 2007). Apart from the cost efficiency outsourcing has a lot of other advantages like it provides expertise from the contract agencies, reducing regular workload, improve quality plus the efficiency of the firm. Project Objective The core aim of the research study is to recognize the impact of outsourcing strategies on the overall performances of the business organizations. The objective of the project is to evaluate the benefits and drawback of outsourcing strategies of the organization as well provides useful recommendations that help in minimizing the issues of outsourcing plus support in obtaining the maximum benefits from the advantages of outsourcing strategies (Chakravarty et al., 2014). Project Scope In the present business context, outsourcing is the common phenomena in the business world. There are many business organizations has implemented outsourcing strategies for various reasons. The key reason behind the decision of outsourcing is to reduce the cost of HR functions, improve the efficiency, as well as to get expertise from the outside agencies, which improve the efficiency of the organization (Denning, 2011). Besides this, as the outsourcing improve the cost effectiveness thus, improve the profitability of the organization. However, the outsourcing provides substantial benefits to the organization; it also provides some negative impacts also. The project will try to assess the benefits and drawback of the outsourcing activities of the organizations and to recommend useful suggestion that helps in improving the efficiency and profitability of the organizations by minimizing the drawbacks of outsourcing (Eigenhuis and Dijk, 2008). Hence, the outsourcing strategy is one of th e most important strategies of the business organizations and in order to recognize the benefits and drawbacks of outsourcing the research will be a great help. Literature Review Recently, outsourcing becomes a global phenomenon because several organizations have implemented the outsourcing strategies in order to meet the ever-increasing requirements of the organization as well to achieve more outputs from the business operations (Hilletofth and Hilmola, 2010). There are various global companies outsource the end products from the developing countries like India, Bangladesh where labour cost is comparatively lower. In this way the companies improve cost efficiency of their products. Besides this, it is also perceived that the global companies set up their manufacturing units in the India, China, Bangladesh for cheaper labour. The Human resources department outsource human capital from these countries, which support the company to improve its cost effectiveness. It is evident that the local labour cost very high in comparison to the outsourced labour in this matter the outsourcing policy support the organization in immense way in reducing cost. Apart from this , various companies set up Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) Units in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan where the maxim amount of information technology IIT) activities performed. In this way, the global companies outsource the customer care services, technical assistance service to the customers, as well as marketing service through these BPOs or call centres. Moreover, these help the companies in fulfilling their requirements of human capital in cost effective way.The outsourcing provides various advantages for the business organization such as it helps in reducing the cost of some HR functions; thus helps in improving the effectiveness of the HR departments as well as increase the profitability of the organizations. Currently, several organizations outsource human resources for different sections of the organization; it helps in improving the efficiency of the departments of the organizations hence improve the profitability of the business organizations (Jacques, 2006). It has brought efficiency, expertise and cost efficiency of the business organization as the business organizations get expertise in more reduced cost (Stroh, 2010). Conventionally, the organizations outsource for the peripheral activities like catering, cleaning, and security, etc. However, at present the organizations outsource human resources for their core business activities like manufacturing, distributing, marketing, and information system. Outsourcing strategies improve the interconnections as well as interdependence between the business organizations (Leavy, 2004). It is considered that the outsourcing is the most effective way to improve the performance of the organization as well as to reduce the cost of the business operation. These improve the cost efficiency of the business organization but at the same time it has the adverse impact on the quality of the products as well as the organizational dependency on the subordinate organizations has been increased (Linder, 2004). The contract ual completeness is crucial for the effective outsourcing performances as the contract can restrict the opportunistic behavior as well as support in controlling and coordinating and thus helps in value creation. In this matter, the relationshipmanagement plays the vital role as it helps in relating the organization with the outsourced employees and the agencies from where the company outsourced (Magelssen, Sanchez and Damanpour, 2015). Research Questions/Hypothesis: Primary Question What are the positive plus negative impacts of outsourcing on the overall performances of the business organizations? Secondary Questions Question 1: Is there any relation between the contractual completeness and the performance of the outsourced employees? Question 2: Is the effectiveness of the relationship management of the company essential for the performance of the outsourced employees? Hypothesis The Null hypothesis of the research project is: H0: There is no positive relation between outsourcing and performance of the organization. The alternative hypothesis is: H1: There is positive relation between outsourcing and performance of the organization. Research Design and Methodology The research design and research methodology are most important for the research, and the success of the research is immensely dependent on the effective selection of the research design and methodology (McNeill and Chapman, 2005). The research methodology helps in selecting the most effective tools and techniques for the research study as per the characteristics and needs of the research. The appropriate selection of the tools and techniques of the research helps in conducting the research in the more efficient way. The research design helps in recording the data and information along with the important events occurred during the research study for analyzing the data in the more effective way (Park, 2006). For the undertaken research study, a mixed methodology will be applied for detail study on the subject. In the mixed methodology, both the qualitative and quantitative methodology will be used. Qualitative research The qualitative research study is important as it provides in-depth knowledge about the research topic. In order to perform qualitative research study, the researcher has determined to conduct interviews among the human resourcesmanagement staffs as they can provide detail knowledge about the current scenarios of the outsourcing strategies. Moreover, the information from the HR managers will be reliable and valid for the research as the researcher select the organization, which outsourced workforces (Quinlan et al., 2015). The researchers intend to conduct at least 20 interviews with the managers. For conducting the research, a semi-structured questionnaire has been made by the researcher. From the interviews, the researchers will collect descriptive data which help in gaining deep detail knowledge about the undertaken research topic "impact of outsourcing in the business organization." The independent variable for the research study is outsourcing performance, and the dependent vari ables are relationshipmanagement and contractual completeness. Quantitative research The quantitative research is also important for the business research as it provides a widespread view about the research topic. It helps in collecting large data for the research in the cost effective as well as time efficient way. In order to perform the quantitative research, the research intends to conduct a survey among the employees of the organization and try to select the employees who are outsourced. The survey will be conducted with random selection methods. In order to conduct the survey, a well-structured questionnaire has been made by the researcher with small sized probabilistic (multiple choice) questions (McNeill and Chapman, 2005). Moreover, with the help of the statistical analytic tool, the numeric data collected from the survey will be analyzed. The random sampling techniques will be adopted, and the researcher intends to survey at least 100 employees to collect comprehensive perspective of the employees on outsourcing. The employees will provide reliable and vali d data. Research Limitations The time limit and limited fund for the research study are the two important constraints for the research study that impede the investigation process as well as hinder in conducting the research more effective way. Schedule (Research Plan) Main Activities/ Stages Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Selection of subject and its scope Recognition of secondary data sources Creation of research proposal Creation of literature review Explanation of research methodology Making interview/survey, ethics form Accumulating primary data Analysing data Comparing findings Conclusion recommendations Finalising submission Conclusion The outsourcing is most important for the contemporary business organization as it helps in gaining cost efficiency as well as at the same time improve the operational efficiency of the organizations. However, the outsourcing must be planned effectively in order to get the optimum benefits from the outsourcing (McIvor, 2000). Besides this, the contractual completeness and relationship management play vital role in bring out the best performance of outsourcing. References Alan RUSHTON, S. (2007). International Logistics Supply Chain Outsourcing. London: Kogan Page. Brown, A. (2007). Othersourcing: technological outsourcing. Strategy Leadership, 35(1), pp.47-49. Chakravarty, A., Grewal, R., Sarker, S. and Sambamurthy, V. (2014). Choice of Geographical Location as Governance Strategy in Outsourcing Contracts: Localized Outsourcing, Global Outsourcing, and Onshore Outsourcing. Customer Needs and Solutions, 1(1), pp.11-22. Denning, S. (2011). A tipping point for foreign outsourcing economics. Strategy Leadership, 40(1), pp.8-15. Eigenhuis, A. and Dijk, R. (2008). HR strategy for the high performing business. London [u.a.]: Kogan Page. Hilletofth, P. and Hilmola, O. (2010). Role of logistics outsourcing on supply chain strategy and management. Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal, 3(1), pp.46-61. Jacques, V. (2006). International outsourcing strategy and competitiveness. Paris: Publibook. Leavy, B. (2004). Outsourcing strategies: opportunities and risks. Strategy Leadership, 32(6), pp.20-25. Linder, J. (2004). Outsourcing as a strategy for driving transformation. Strategy Leadership, 32(6), pp.26-31. Magelssen, C., Sanchez, F. and Damanpour, F. (2015). Learning from Outsourcing: The Effects of Outsourcing Strategy on Organizational Efficiency. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2015(1), pp.17468-17468. McIvor, R. (2000). Strategic Outsourcing: Lessons from a Systems Integrator. Business Strategy Review, 11(3), pp.41-50. McNeill, P. and Chapman, S. (2005). Research methods. London: Routledge. Park, R. (2006). Research in the social sciences, its fundamental methods and objectives. New Delhi: Published by Cosmo Publications for Genesis Pub. Quinlan, C., Babin, B., Carr, J., Griffin, M. and Zikmund, W. (2015). Business research methods. Hampshire: Cengage Learning EMEA. Stroh, P. (2010). Business strategy. 1st ed. Tallman, S. (2008). Global dimensions of strategy. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.